Digital technology has opened a new round of technological revolution and is moving towards large-scale commercial application,which has an increasingly important impact on the global industrial chain.Due to the network externalities,economies of scale and first-mover advantage effects of the application of digital technologies,knowledge monopolies that deviate from”open science”are formed.
Unlike other technologies,the knowledge monopoly of digital technologies is not only based on intellectual property issues,but also because of the special economics of its intangible assets,namely economies of scale,network externalities and complementarities arising from high fixed costs and low or zero variable costs.Once an Internet platform with a first-mover advantage is formed,it expands from serving the first customer to 1 billion users,and the marginal cost is very small or even negligible,almost close to a natural monopoly,such as Facebook,Google,Amazon,and the Netherlands ASML.
数字技术开启了新一轮科技革命,并走向大规模商业化应用,对全球产业链带来越来越重要的影响。由于数字技术应用的网络外部性、规模经济性和先发优势效应,形成了与“开放科学”相背离的知识垄断。
与其他技术不同,数字技术的知识垄断不仅基于知识产权问题,还因为其无形资产的特殊经济性,即由高固定成本和低或零可变成本产生的规模经济、网络外部性和互补性。具有先发优势的互联网平台一旦形成,从服务第一个客户扩展到10亿个用户,边际成本很小,甚至可以忽略不计,几乎接近自然垄断,如Facebook、谷歌、亚马逊及荷兰ASML等。
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